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infant speech

Толкование Перевод

1 infant speech

Общая лексика: лепет ребёнка

Универсальный англо-русский словарь > infant speech
2 speech

1. n речь; речевая деятельность

a figure of speech — фигура речи

speech sound — звук речи

speech center — центр речи

speech centre — центр речи

folk speech — народная речь

maiden speech — первая речь

2. n дар речи

he was recovering speech with difficulty — к нему медленно возвращалась речь

inspiring speech — вдохновляющая речь

scrambled speech — закодированная речь

unimpassioned speech — спокойная речь

allophonic speech — аллофоническая речь

concluding speech — заключительная речь

3. n устная речь

speech habits — речевые навыки

speech defect — дефект речи

tempo of speech — темп речи

types of speech — виды речи

faculty of speech — дар речи

oily speech — льстивые речи

4. n выговор, манера говорить; характер речи

clear speech — отчётливый выговор

refined speech — утончённая манера говорить

colloquial speech — разговорная речь

infant speech — лепет ребёнка

speech for the defence — речь защитника

speech recognition — распознавание речи

speech task — задача распознавания речи

synthetic speech — синтезированная речь

to gabble a speech — отбарабанить речь

5. n речь, выступление; спич

opening speech — вступительная речь, вступительное слово

main speech — доклад

freedom of speech — свобода слова

speech of welcome — приветственная речь

the speech from the throne — тронная речь

speech full of redundancies — речь, изобилующая повторениями

her speech was an odd patchwork — её речь была очень путаной

halting speech — неплавная речь, речь с заминками и паузами

flowers of speech — цветы красноречия; красивые обороты речи

scrambled speech system — система шифрованной передачи речи

6. n разговор

wanted to have speech with him and could not — хотел поговорить с ним и не смог

7. n язык

music is a common speech for humanity — музыка — это общий язык для всего человечества

fusion of speech — смешение языков

8. n диалект, говор

indigenous speech — местный говор

speech song — говорок

he has a halt in his speech — он говорит запинаясь

9. n звучание

natural sounding speech — речь с естественным звучанием

natural-sounding speech — речь с естественным звучанием

10. n монолог; реплика

Синонимический ряд:

1. address (noun) address; allocution; declamation; dissertation; harangue; lecture; oration; recitation; sermon; tirade

2. articulation (noun) articulation; diction; enunciation; locution; pronunciation

3. conversation (noun) conversation; dialogue; discussion

4. language (noun) dialect; idiom; language; lingo; parlance; patois; tongue; vernacular; words

5. utterance (noun) comment; communication; discourse; mention; remark; speaking; talk; utterance; verbalisation; verbalization; voice

English-Russian base dictionary > speech
3 speech

[spi:tʃ] n
1. 1) речь; речевая деятельность

a figure of speech - фигура речи

parts of speech - лингв. части речи

without speech - не говоря ни слова

to be slow of speech - а) говорить медленно; б) быть неразговорчивым

2) дар речи (тж. faculty of speech)

he was recovering speech with difficulty - к нему медленно возвращалась речь /способность говорить/

he was startled beyond speech - он онемел /потерял дар речи/ от изумления

3) устная речь

speech habits - речевые навыки

speech in put - вчт. речевой ввод

he expresses himself better in speech than in writing - он может лучше выразить свою мысль устно, чем письменно

2. выговор, манера говорить; характер речи

clear [indistinct] speech - отчётливый [неотчётливый] выговор

refined [affected] speech - утончённая [претенциозная] манера говорить

colloquial [free] speech - разговорная [непринуждённая] речь

infant speech - лепет ребёнка

this word is not used in polite speech - это слово не употребляется в речи культурных людей

he is Irish by his speech - судя по его произношению, он ирландец

3. речь, выступление ( оратора); спич

opening [closing] speech - вступительная [заключительная] речь, вступительное [заключительное] слово

main speech - доклад

freedom of speech - свобода слова

speech of welcome - приветственная речь

the speech from the throne - тронная речь

the speech for the defence [for the prosecution] - защитительная [обвинительная] речь

to deliver /to give, to make/ a speech - произносить речь, выступать

4. разговор

wanted to have speech with him and could not - хотел поговорить с ним и не смог

5. 1) язык

one's native speech - родная речь

national speech - а) национальный язык; б) государственный язык

to give speech to one's feelings - найти слова для выражения своих чувств

music is a common speech for humanity - музыка - это общий язык для всего человечества

2) диалект, говор

indigenous speech - местный говор

London speech - лондонский диалект

6. звучание ( музыкальных инструментов)

7. монолог (в пьесе, фильме); реплика ( действующего лица)

♢ speech is silver, silence is golden - посл. слово - серебро, молчание - золото

НБАРС > speech
4 speech

spi:tʃ сущ.
1) а) речь, дар речи;
речевая деятельность speech underdevelopment ≈ недоразвитие речи speech abnormality ≈ дефект речи б) устная речь;
разговор
2) речь, манера говорить;
говор, произношение;
scamping speech ≈ речь с пропусками согласных или слогов fluent speech ≈ беглая речь nasal speech ≈ гнусавый голос slowed speech ≈ замедленная речь
3) речь;
выступление;
обращение to ad-lib, improvise a speech ≈ произносить импровизированную, неподготовленную речь to deliver/make/give a speech ≈ произносить речь acceptance speech boring speech brief speech concession speech farewell speech impromptu speech inaugural speech keynote speech long speech long-winded speech passionate speech rambling speech rousing speech stirring speech set speech short speech unrehearsed speech welcoming speech Syn: address, discourse, harangue, lecture, oration
4) язык;
диалект
5) театр. реплика;
монолог речь;
речевая деятельность - a figure of * фигура речи - parts of * части речи - without * не говоря ни слова - to be slow of * говорить медленно;
быть неразговорчивым дар речи (тж. faculty of *) - he was recovering * with dificulty к нему медленно возвращалась речь - he was startled beyond * он онемел от изумления устная речь - * habits речевые навыки - * input (компьютерное) речевой ввод - he expresses himself better in * than in writing он может лучше выразить свою мысль устно, чем письменно выговор, манера говорить;
характер речи - clear * отчетливый выговор - refined * утонченная манера говорить - colloquial * разговорная речь - infant * лепет ребенка - this word is not used in polite * это слово не употребляется в речи культурных людей - he is Irish by his * судя по его произношению, он ирландец речь, выступление (оратора) ;
спич - opening * вступительная речь, вступительное слово - main * доклад - freedom of * свобода слова - * of welcome приветственная речь - the * from the throne тронная речь - the * for the defence защитительная речь - to deliver a * произносить речь, выступать разговор - wanted to have * with him and could not хотел поговорить с ним и не смог язык - one's native * родная речь - national * национальный язык;
государственный язык - to give * to one's feelings найти слова для выражения своих чувств - music is a common * for humanity музыка - это общий язык для всего человечества диалект, говор - indigenous * местный говор - London * лондонский диалект звучание( музыкальных инструментов) монолог (в пьесе, фильме) ;
реплика (действующего лица) > * is silver, silence is golden (пословица) слово - серебро, молчание - золото ~ говор, произношение;
манера говорить;
to be slow of speech говорить медленно;
his speech is indistinct он говорит невнятно, у него плохая дикция concluding ~ заключительная речь ~ речь, ораторское выступление;
to deliver (или to make, to give) a speech произносить речь final ~ заключительное слово ~ говор, произношение;
манера говорить;
to be slow of speech говорить медленно;
his speech is indistinct он говорит невнятно, у него плохая дикция opening ~ вступительная речь set ~ заранее составленная речь;
speech from the throne тронная речь ~ речь, дар речи;
речевая деятельность;
слова;
sometimes gestures are more expressive than speech иногда жесты выразительнее слов speech выступление ~ говор, произношение;
манера говорить;
to be slow of speech говорить медленно;
his speech is indistinct он говорит невнятно, у него плохая дикция ~ доклад ~ звучание (муз. инструмента) ~ разговор ~ театр. реплика ~ речь, ораторское выступление;
to deliver (или to make, to give) a speech произносить речь ~ речь, дар речи;
речевая деятельность;
слова;
sometimes gestures are more expressive than speech иногда жесты выразительнее слов ~ речь ~ язык;
диалект ~ attr. речевой;
speech habits речевые навыки ~ for defence речь в защиту set ~ заранее составленная речь;
speech from the throne тронная речь ~ attr. речевой;
speech habits речевые навыки

Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > speech
5 infant

[English Word] infant

[English Plural] infants

[Swahili Word] mtoto mchanga

[Swahili Plural] watoto wachanga

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 1/2

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English-Swahili dictionary > infant
6 everyday speech

everyday (infant, peasant) speech повседневная (детская, крестьянская) речь

English-Russian combinatory dictionary > everyday speech
7 development of speech in infant

розвиток мовлення у дитини

English-Ukrainian psychology dictionary > development of speech in infant
8 unsteadily

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[English Word] move unsteadily

[Swahili Word] -yua

[Part of Speech] verb

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[English Word] stand unsteadily (as an infant first learning to walk)

[Swahili Word] dede

[Part of Speech] adverb

[English Example] stand unsteadily

[Swahili Example] -simama dede

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[English Word] stand unsteadily (as an infant first learning to walk)

[Swahili Word] -simama dede

[Part of Speech] verb

[English Example] If you see him you'll be surprised (and so be unsteady on your feet).

[Swahili Example] ukimwona utasimama dede [Ma]

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[English Word] walk unsteadily

[Swahili Word] -yonga

[Part of Speech] verb

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[English Word] walk unsteadily

[Swahili Word] -yongayonga

[Part of Speech] verb

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[English Word] walk unsteadily

[Swahili Word] -yuga

[Part of Speech] verb

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[English Word] walk unsteadily

[Swahili Word] -yugayuga

[Part of Speech] verb

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English-Swahili dictionary > unsteadily
9 gift

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] bahkshishi

[Swahili Plural] bahkshishi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] bakshishi

[Swahili Plural] bakshishi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] baraka

[Swahili Plural] baraka

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] -bariki, kibaraka, tabaruki

[Note] rare

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] hatia

[Swahili Plural] hatia

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Note] rare

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] hiba

[Swahili Plural] hiba

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] hongera

[Swahili Plural] hongera

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -honga

[English Example] he might see that gift as a note like other money Shangwe got from other people

[Swahili Example] angeiona ile noti hongera kama hela nyingine Shangwe alizopewa na watu wengine [Muk]

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] jazi

[Swahili Plural] majazi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Word] -jaa V

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] jazi

[Swahili Plural] majazi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Word] jaza

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] jazua

[Part of Speech] noun

[Derived Word] jaza

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] kipaji

[Swahili Plural] vipaji

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -pa

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] kipawa

[Swahili Plural] vipawa

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -pa

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] maelekeo

[Swahili Plural] maelekeo

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 6/6

[Derived Word] elekea

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] mataka

[Swahili Plural] mataka

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 6/6

[Derived Word] taka V

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] matakwa

[Swahili Plural] matakwa

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 6/6

[Derived Word] taka V

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] paji

[Swahili Plural] mapaji

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[Derived Word] pa

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] pukuso

[Swahili Plural] mapukuso

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] tuza

[Swahili Plural] matuza

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] tuzo

[Swahili Plural] matuzo

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] uapo

[Part of Speech] noun

[Note] rare

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] uhondo

[Part of Speech] noun

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] wapo

[Part of Speech] noun

[Note] rare

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] zawadi

[Swahili Plural] zawadi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Arabic

[English Example] For my birthday, my mother gave a <b>gift</b> to me.

[Swahili Example] Kwa sikukuu yangu ya kuzaliwa, mamangu alinipa <b>zawadi</b>.

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[English Word] gift

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] hidaya

[Swahili Plural] hidaya

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Dialect] archaic

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[English Word] gift (especially from God)

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] thawabu

[Swahili Plural] thawabu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Language] Arabic

[English Example] life is indeed a gift from God that can be counted

[Swahili Example] ndiyo maisha thawabu na yanayohesabika (Shaaban Robert)

[Terminology] religious

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[English Word] gift (for midwives who helped at birth)

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] jingizi

[Swahili Plural] jingizi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

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[English Word] gift (given by a bridegroom to his father-in-law)

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] kilemba

[Swahili Plural] vilemba

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

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[English Word] gift (given by man to 1st wife when she agrees to his taking a second wife)

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] mwago

[Swahili Plural] miago

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

[Derived Word] aga V

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[English Word] gift (of God)

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] upaji

[Part of Speech] noun

[Terminology] religious

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[English Word] gift (that is expected to be forthcoming)

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] ada

[Swahili Plural] maada

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 5/6

[English Example] wedding gifts

[Swahili Example] maada ya harusi

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[English Word] gift (unexpected)

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] dafina

[Swahili Plural] dafina

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

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[English Word] gift from father to teacher on matriculation of child

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] koto

[Swahili Plural] koto

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

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[English Word] gift given by a person who holds a baby for the first time (both to wish the infant good luck and to indicate that the person holding the child has no ill-feelings toward it).

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] fola

[Part of Speech] noun

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[English Word] gift given by a suitor to a girl's father

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] uchumba

[Part of Speech] noun

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[English Word] gift given by a young man to a girl's maternal uncle, who then presents it to the girl's father as evidence of a proposal of marriage

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] mkalio

[Swahili Plural] mikalio

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

[Derived Word] kaa V

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[English Word] gift given by the bridegroom to the bride's attendants

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] mkalio

[Swahili Plural] mikalio

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

[Derived Word] kaa V

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[English Word] gift given by the family of the bridegroom to the mother of the bride

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] mkaja

[Swahili Plural] mikaja

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 3/4

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[English Word] gift made by bridegroom to those who open door to bride's room on wedding day

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] kifungua mlango

[Swahili Plural] vifungua mlango

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -fungua, mlango

[Terminology] anthropology

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[English Word] gift of the bridegroom to the bride after entering the bedroom

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] kipakasa

[Swahili Plural] vipakasa

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7/8

[Related Words] kipa

[Terminology] anthropology

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[English Word] gift on plate for bridal pair at wedding

[English Plural] gifts

[Swahili Word] upatu

[Swahili Plural] patu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 11/10

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[English Word] gift or food given to campaign supporters

[English Plural] gifts or food given to campaign supporters

[Swahili Word] takrima

[Swahili Plural] takrima

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Related Words] ukarimu

[Terminology] political

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[English Word] gracious gift esp. from God

[English Plural] gracious gifts

[Swahili Word] karama

[Swahili Plural] karama

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Word] kirimu V

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[English Word] valuable gift

[English Plural] valuable gifts

[Swahili Word] adia

[Swahili Plural] adia

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Dialect] archaic

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[English Word] valuable gift

[English Plural] valuable gifts

[Swahili Word] hadaya

[Swahili Plural] hadaya

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

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[English Word] valuable gift

[English Plural] valuable gifts

[Swahili Word] hedaya

[Swahili Plural] hedaya

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

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[English Word] valuable gift

[English Plural] valuable gifts

[Swahili Word] tunu

[Part of Speech] noun

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English-Swahili dictionary > gift
10 quiet

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[English Word] be quiet

[Swahili Word] -nyamaa

[Part of Speech] verb

[Related Words] -nyamaza, nyamavu, mnyamavu, unyamavu

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[English Word] be quiet

[Swahili Word] -nyamaza

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] caus-intr

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -nyamaa

[English Example] be very quiet, children!

[Swahili Example] nyamazeni, watoto!

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[English Word] be quiet

[Swahili Word] -sukutu

[Part of Speech] verb

[Note] rare

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[English Word] be quiet

[Swahili Word] -tulia

[Part of Speech] verb

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[English Word] be quiet

[Swahili Word] -tulia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] applicative

[Swahili Example] Idi alikuwa ametulia na usukani [Sul], msichana Nyalindele hakutulia kwa wasiwasi [Mun], macho yake ya baridi yalikuwa yametulia juu ya uso wa Subira [Sul]

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[English Word] be quiet

[Swahili Word] -tundawaa

[Part of Speech] verb

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[English Word] be quiet

[Swahili Word] -tunduaa

[Part of Speech] verb

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[English Word] Be quiet!

[Swahili Word] buu!

[Part of Speech] interjection

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[English Word] Be quiet!

[Swahili Word] chub!

[Part of Speech] interjection

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[English Word] be quieted

[Swahili Word] -bembelezwa

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] passive

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[English Word] be silent

[Swahili Word] -sukutu

[Part of Speech] verb

[Note] rare

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[English Word] keep quiet

[Swahili Word] -fumba mdomo

[Part of Speech] verb

[Related Words] mdomo

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[English Word] lead a quiet life

[Swahili Word] -tawa

[Part of Speech] verb

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] kimya

[Part of Speech] adjective

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] makini

[Part of Speech] adjective

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] nyamafu

[Part of Speech] adjective

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] -nyamavu

[Part of Speech] adjective

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] starehefu

[Part of Speech] adjective

[Derived Word] starehe

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] starehevu

[Part of Speech] adjective

[Derived Word] starehe

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] taratibu

[Part of Speech] adjective

[Derived Language] Arabic

[Related Words] -ratibu, ratiba

[English Example] her voice was quiet but firm

[Swahili Example] sauti yake ilikuwa ya taratibu lakini ngumu [Sul]

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] tuli

[Part of Speech] adjective

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] tulivu

[Part of Speech] adjective

[Derived Word] tua V

[Swahili Example] sauti yake ilikuwa bado tulivu yenye kujiamini [Mun], nilimwona Aziza katulia tulii [Abd]

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] tuli

[Part of Speech] adverb

[Derived Word] tua V

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] mstarehe

[Part of Speech] noun

[Derived Word] raha, starehe V

[English Example] Absolute repose/comfort.

[Swahili Example] raha mustarehe

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] mustarehe

[Part of Speech] noun

[Derived Word] raha, starehe V

[English Example] Absolute repose/comfort.

[Swahili Example] raha mustarehe

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] raha

[Swahili Plural] raha

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] unyamavu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Note] rare

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] kimya

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 7

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] -liwaza

[Part of Speech] verb

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] -poza

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] causative

[English Example] Be quiet

[Swahili Example] poza kulia

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[English Word] quiet

[Swahili Word] -chombeza

[Part of Speech] verb

[Related Words] -chombezea, -chombezeka, -chombezana, -chombezwa

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[English Word] quiet down (at someone's behest)

[Swahili Word] -nyamalia

[Part of Speech] verb

[Class] applicative

[Derived Language] Swahili

[Derived Word] -nyamaa

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[English Word] quiet person

[English Plural] quiet people

[Swahili Word] mkimya

[Swahili Plural] wakimya

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 1/2

[Derived Word] kimya N

[Swahili Example] si kawaida Bahati kuwa mkimya [Sul]

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[English Word] quiet person

[English Plural] quiet people

[Swahili Word] mnyenyekevu

[Swahili Plural] wanyenyekevu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 1/2

[Derived Word] nyenya, nyenyekevu V

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[English Word] quiet person

[English Plural] quiet people

[Swahili Word] mtaratibu

[Swahili Plural] wataratibu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 1/2

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[English Word] quiet person

[English Plural] quiet people

[Swahili Word] mtulivu

[Swahili Plural] watulivu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 1/2

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[English Word] quiet!

[Swahili Word] uss!

[Part of Speech] interjection

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[English Word] quiet(ness)

[Swahili Word] utulivu

[Swahili Plural] utulivu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 14

[Derived Word] tulia V

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[English Word] quiet(ness)

[Swahili Word] utulivu

[Swahili Plural] utulivu

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 14

[Derived Word] tulia V

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[English Word] word used to quiet a crying infant

[Swahili Word] howa

[Part of Speech] interjection

[Swahili Example] howa mwanangu

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English-Swahili dictionary > quiet
11 membrane

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[English Word] membrane enclosing the bowels

[English Plural] membranes

[Swahili Word] utambi

[Swahili Plural] tambi

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 11/10

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[English Word] membrane sometimes covering the head of an infant at birth

[English Plural] membranes

[Swahili Word] tandabui

[Swahili Plural] tandabui

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

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English-Swahili dictionary > membrane
12 caul

[English Word] caul (membrane covering infant at birth)

[English Plural] cauls

[Swahili Word] tandabui

[Swahili Plural] tandabui

[Part of Speech] noun

[Class] 9/10

[Derived Word] tanda V

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English-Swahili dictionary > caul
13 fontanel

[English Word] fontanel (of an infant)

[Swahili Word] utosi

[Swahili Plural] tosi

[Part of Speech] noun

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English-Swahili dictionary > fontanel
14 De Forest, Lee

SUBJECT AREA: Broadcasting, Electronics and information technology, Photography, film and optics, Recording, Telecommunications

[br]

b. 26 August 1873 Council Bluffs, Iowa, USA

d. 30 June 1961 Hollywood, California, USA

[br]

American electrical engineer and inventor principally known for his invention of the Audion, or triode, vacuum tube; also a pioneer of sound in the cinema.

[br]

De Forest was born into the family of a Congregational minister that moved to Alabama in 1879 when the father became President of a college for African-Americans; this was a position that led to the family's social ostracism by the white community. By the time he was 13 years old, De Forest was already a keen mechanical inventor, and in 1893, rejecting his father's plan for him to become a clergyman, he entered the Sheffield Scientific School of Yale University. Following his first degree, he went on to study the propagation of electromagnetic waves, gaining a PhD in physics in 1899 for his thesis on the "Reflection of Hertzian Waves from the Ends of Parallel Wires", probably the first US thesis in the field of radio.

He then joined the Western Electric Company in Chicago where he helped develop the infant technology of wireless, working his way up from a modest post in the production area to a position in the experimental laboratory. There, working alone after normal working hours, he developed a detector of electromagnetic waves based on an electrolytic device similar to that already invented by Fleming in England. Recognizing his talents, a number of financial backers enabled him to set up his own business in 1902 under the name of De Forest Wireless Telegraphy Company; he was soon demonstrating wireless telegraphy to interested parties and entering into competition with the American Marconi Company.

Despite the failure of this company because of fraud by his partners, he continued his experiments; in 1907, by adding a third electrode, a wire mesh, between the anode and cathode of the thermionic diode invented by Fleming in 1904, he was able to produce the amplifying device now known as the triode valve and achieve a sensitivity of radio-signal reception much greater than possible with the passive carborundum and electrolytic detectors hitherto available. Patented under the name Audion, this new vacuum device was soon successfully used for experimental broadcasts of music and speech in New York and Paris. The invention of the Audion has been described as the beginning of the electronic era. Although much development work was required before its full potential was realized, the Audion opened the way to progress in all areas of sound transmission, recording and reproduction. The patent was challenged by Fleming and it was not until 1943 that De Forest's claim was finally recognized.

Overcoming the near failure of his new company, the De Forest Radio Telephone Company, as well as unsuccessful charges of fraudulent promotion of the Audion, he continued to exploit the potential of his invention. By 1912 he had used transformer-coupling of several Audion stages to achieve high gain at radio frequencies, making long-distance communication a practical proposition, and had applied positive feedback from the Audion output anode to its input grid to realize a stable transmitter oscillator and modulator. These successes led to prolonged patent litigation with Edwin Armstrong and others, and he eventually sold the manufacturing rights, in retrospect often for a pittance.

During the early 1920s De Forest began a fruitful association with T.W.Case, who for around ten years had been working to perfect a moving-picture sound system. De Forest claimed to have had an interest in sound films as early as 1900, and Case now began to supply him with photoelectric cells and primitive sound cameras. He eventually devised a variable-density sound-on-film system utilizing a glow-discharge modulator, the Photion. By 1926 De Forest's Phonofilm had been successfully demonstrated in over fifty theatres and this system became the basis of Movietone. Though his ideas were on the right lines, the technology was insufficiently developed and it was left to others to produce a system acceptable to the film industry. However, De Forest had played a key role in transforming the nature of the film industry; within a space of five years the production of silent films had all but ceased.

In the following decade De Forest applied the Audion to the development of medical diathermy. Finally, after spending most of his working life as an independent inventor and entrepreneur, he worked for a time during the Second World War at the Bell Telephone Laboratories on military applications of electronics.

[br]

Principal Honours and Distinctions

Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers Medal of Honour 1922. President, Institute of Electronic and Radio Engineers 1930. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers Edison Medal 1946.

Bibliography

1904, "Electrolytic detectors", Electrician 54:94 (describes the electrolytic detector). 1907, US patent no. 841,387 (the Audion).

1950, Father of Radio, Chicago: WIlcox \& Follett (autobiography).

De Forest gave his own account of the development of his sound-on-film system in a series of articles: 1923. "The Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 16 (May): 61–75; 1924. "Phonofilm progress", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 20:17–19; 1927, "Recent developments in the Phonofilm", Transactions of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 27:64–76; 1941, "Pioneering in talking pictures", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 36 (January): 41–9.

Further Reading

G.Carneal, 1930, A Conqueror of Space (biography).

I.Levine, 1964, Electronics Pioneer, Lee De Forest (biography).

E.I.Sponable, 1947, "Historical development of sound films", Journal of the Society of Motion Picture Engineers 48 (April): 275–303 (an authoritative account of De Forest's sound-film work, by Case's assistant).

W.R.McLaurin, 1949, Invention and Innovation in the Radio Industry.

C.F.Booth, 1955, "Fleming and De Forest. An appreciation", in Thermionic Valves 1904– 1954, IEE.

V.J.Phillips, 1980, Early Radio Detectors, London: Peter Peregrinus.

KF / JW

Biographical history of technology > De Forest, Lee

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